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Miller defined two main classes of monotonicity failure in 2012, which have been repeated in later papers: [14] [6] Upward monotonicity failure: Given the use of voting method V and a ballot profile B in which candidate X is the winner, X may nevertheless lose in ballot profile B' that differs from B only in that some voters rank X higher in B' than in B
In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This concept first arose in calculus , and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory .
In mathematics, the notions of an absolutely monotonic function and a completely monotonic function are two very closely related concepts. Both imply very strong monotonicity properties. Both imply very strong monotonicity properties.
In more advanced mathematics the monotone convergence theorem usually refers to a fundamental result in measure theory due to Lebesgue and Beppo Levi that says that for sequences of non-negative pointwise-increasing measurable functions (), taking the integral and the supremum can be interchanged with the result being finite if either one is ...
The test was devised by Gottfried Leibniz and is sometimes known as Leibniz's test, Leibniz's rule, or the Leibniz criterion. The test is only sufficient, not necessary, so some convergent alternating series may fail the first part of the test. [1] [2] [3] For a generalization, see Dirichlet's test. [4] [5] [6]
In linear algebra, the operator monotone function is an important type of real-valued function, fully classified by Charles Löwner in 1934. [1] It is closely allied to the operator concave and operator concave functions, and is encountered in operator theory and in matrix theory , and led to the Löwner–Heinz inequality .
A real square matrix is monotone (in the sense of Collatz) if for all real vectors , implies , where is the element-wise ...
The most common cause of no-show paradoxes is the use of instant-runoff (often called ranked-choice voting in the United States).In instant-runoff voting, a no-show paradox can occur even in elections with only three candidates, and occur in 50%-60% of all 3-candidate elections where the results of IRV disagree with those of plurality.