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Macroevolution addresses the evolution of species and higher taxonomic groups (genera, families, orders, etc) and uses evidence from phylogenetics, [5] the fossil record, [9] and molecular biology to answer how different taxonomic groups exhibit different species diversity and/or morphological disparity. [12]
Macroevolution refers to evolution that occurs at or above the level of species, in particular speciation and extinction, whereas microevolution refers to smaller evolutionary changes within a species or population, in particular shifts in allele frequency and adaptation. [135] Macroevolution is the outcome of long periods of microevolution. [136]
Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics. It also related the broad-scale macroevolution seen by palaeontologists to the small-scale microevolution of local populations.
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Macroevolution is guided by sorting of interspecific variation ("species selection" [2]), as opposed to sorting of intraspecific variation in microevolution. [3] Species selection may occur as (a) effect-macroevolution, where organism-level traits (aggregate traits) affect speciation and extinction rates, and (b) strict-sense species selection, where species-level traits (e.g. geographical ...
Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.
The terms biogeographic unit, [41] biogeographic area [42] can be used for these categories, regardless of rank. In 2008, an International Code of Area Nomenclature was proposed for biogeography. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] It achieved limited success; some studies commented favorably on it, but others were much more critical, [ 46 ] and it "has not ...
Subsequently, Thomas Turner coined the term Evolve and Resequence (E&R) [10] and several studies used E&R approach with mixed success. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] One of the more interesting experimental evolution studies was conducted by Gabriel Haddad's group at UC San Diego, where Haddad and colleagues evolved flies to adapt to low oxygen environments ...