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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 March 2025. Family of Unix-like operating systems This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see Linux kernel. For other uses, see Linux (disambiguation). Operating system Linux Tux the penguin, the mascot of Linux Developer Community contributors, Linus Torvalds Written in ...
Gravitational redshift has been measured in the laboratory [65] and using astronomical observations. [66] Gravitational time dilation in the Earth's gravitational field has been measured numerous times using atomic clocks , [ 67 ] while ongoing validation is provided as a side effect of the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS). [ 68 ]
8-inch floppy disk, inserted in drive, (3½-inch floppy diskette, in front, shown for scale) 3½-inch, high-density floppy diskettes with adhesive labels affixed The first commercial floppy disks, developed in the late 1960s, were 8 inches (203.2 mm) in diameter; [4] [5] they became commercially available in 1971 as a component of IBM products and both drives and disks were then sold ...
The earliest known galaxies existed by about 380 Ma. Galaxies coalesce into "proto-clusters" from about 1 Ga (redshift z = 6 ) and into galaxy clusters beginning at 3 Ga ( z = 2.1 ), and into superclusters from about 5 Ga ( z = 1.2 ). See: list of galaxy groups and clusters, list of superclusters. Reionization: 200 Ma ~ 1 Ga (Exact timings ...
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.