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At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment ...
After Russia, other states of Europe re-allied themselves and defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig, after which his Italian allied states, with Murat first among them, abandoned him to ally with Austria. [32] Defeated at Paris on April 6, 1814, Napoleon was compelled to renounce his throne and sent into exile on Elba.
Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871. One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the Carbonari, a secret political discussion group formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century. After 1815, Freemasonry in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections.
Italian unification was completed, and the capital was moved from Florence to Rome. [b] Some of the states that had been targeted for unification (terre irredente), Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March, did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War.
Italian states before the Italian Wars in 1494. During the 1400s and 1500s, Italy was the birthplace and heart of the Renaissance. This era marked the transition from the medieval period to the modern age and was fostered by the wealth accumulated by merchant cities and the patronage of dominant families. [72]
The political movement Young Italy is formed by activist Giuseppe Mazzini, promoting insurrection in Italian states and Austrian lands to help unify Italy. [10] 1834: 28 May: Mazzini is arrested in Solothurn and exiled from Switzerland. 1846: Pope Pius IX is elected, and his support of the unification of Italy helps to further popularise the ...
The one major obstacle to Italian unity remained Rome. In 1870, France started the Franco-Prussian War and brought home its soldiers in Rome, where they had kept the pope in power. Italy marched in to take over the Papal State. Italian unification was completed, and the capital was moved from Florence to Rome. [31]
Between the eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, Italy remained divided into small states, many of them under foreign domination: this context did not favor the economic and commercial growth and competitiveness of the Italian area. However, some Italian states initiated major economic reforms that would have long-term implications.