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The interval between stadia marks in most surveying instruments is 10 mrad and gives a stadia interval factor of 100. The distance between the instrument and a stadia rod can be determined simply by multiplying the measurement between the stadia hairs (known as the stadia interval) by 100. The instrument must be level for this method to work ...
This ratio is known as the stadia constant or stadia interval factor. Thus the formula for distance is D = kS. where D is distance from the telescope to the rod; k is the stadia constant; S is the difference between the rod readings at the two stadia marks; For example, a typical stadia mark pair are set so that the ratio is 100.
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum.
The other standard method of levelling in construction and surveying is called trigonometric levelling, which is preferred when levelling "out" to a number of points from one stationary point. This is done by using a total station , or any other instrument to read the vertical, or zenith angle to the rod, and the change in elevation is ...
Wild brand subtense bar. Another device used in tacheometry to measure distance between the measuring station and a desired point is the subtense bar. [2] This is a rigid rod, usually of a material insensitive to change in temperature such as invar, of fixed length (typically 2 metres (6.6 ft)).
Stadia mark, crosshairs on the reticle of a theodolite or other surveying instrument; Stadiametric rangefinding (also stadia method), a technique of measuring distances with a telescopic instrument; Stadion (unit) (plural: stadia), an ancient Greek unit of length
In surveying, free stationing (also known as resection) is a method of determining a location of one unknown point in relation to known points. [1] There is a zero point of reference called a total station. The instrument can be freely positioned so that all survey points are at a suitable sight from the instrument.
Deformation monitoring is primarily associated with the field of applied surveying but may also be relevant to civil engineering, mechanical engineering, construction, and geology. The measurement devices utilized for deformation monitoring depend on the application, the chosen method, and the preferred measurement interval.