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Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the brain, where it acts as a neurotransmitter. [ 10 ] [ 13 ] It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output, pupil dilation , and blood sugar .
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
As almost all DHEA is derived from the adrenal glands, blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have elevated levels of DHEA-S. [60]
Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. [14] It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, [15] pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level.
In addition to the effects listed above, use of high-dose glucocorticoids for only a few days begins to produce suppression of the patient's adrenal glands suppressing hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) leading to suppressed production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary. [21]
With appropriate treatment, most individuals with glucocorticoid deficiency can lead normal lives and have a good prognosis. [4] However, it is important to closely monitor hormone levels and adjust medication accordingly to prevent complications such as adrenal crisis or over-replacement side effects. [1]
There are rare conditions that lead the adrenal glands to either under- or over-produce hormones—Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome, respectively—but they’re usually caused by ...
Adrenal glands, anterior (left) and posterior (right) surface. The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the retroperitoneum, above and slightly medial to the kidneys. In humans, the right adrenal gland is pyramidal in shape, whereas the left is semilunar or crescent shaped and somewhat larger. [8]
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