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This op amp was based on a descendant of Loebe Julie's 1947 design and, along with its successors, would start the widespread use of op amps in industry. GAP/R model P45: a solid-state, discrete op amp (1961). 1961: A discrete IC op amp. With the birth of the transistor in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a ...
In high performance CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) amplifier circuits, transistors are not only used to amplify the signal but are also used as active loads to achieve higher gain and output swing in comparison with resistive loads. [1] [2] [3] CMOS technology was introduced primarily for digital circuit design.
CMOS inverter (a NOT logic gate). Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", / s iː m ɑː s /, /-ɒ s /) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. [1]
In the sense used in this paragraph, bootstrapping an operational amplifier means "using a signal to drive the reference point of the op-amp's power supplies". [5] A more sophisticated use of this rail bootstrapping technique is to alter the non-linear C/V characteristic of the inputs of a JFET op-amp in order to decrease its distortion. [6] [7]
The idea of the op-amp had been well known since the 1940s, and integrated circuit manufacturers were better able to capitalise on this widespread knowledge within the electronics industry. Monolithic current conveyor implementations were not introduced, and the op-amp became widely implemented. [2]
[3] [4] [5] An ideal op-amp would have infinite PSRR, as the device should have no change to the output voltage with any changes to the power supply voltage. The output voltage will depend on the feedback circuit, as is the case of regular input offset voltages.
Precision op-amp clamp circuit [4] The figure shows an op-amp-based clamp circuit with a non-zero reference clamping voltage. The advantage here is that the clamping level is at precisely the reference voltage. There is no need to take into account the forward voltage drop of the diode (which is necessary in the preceding simple circuits as ...
Basic opamp diode log amplifier. The basic opamp diode log amplifier shown in the diagram utilizes the diode's exponential current-voltage relationship for the opamp's negative feedback path, with the diode's anode virtually grounded and its cathode connected to the opamp's output , used as the circuit output.
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