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No complete solution for chess in either of the two senses is known, nor is it expected that chess will be solved in the near future (if ever). Progress to date is extremely limited; there are tablebases of perfect endgame play with a small number of pieces (up to seven), and some chess variants have been solved at least weakly.
A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly.This concept is usually applied to abstract strategy games, and especially to games with full information and no element of chance; solving such a game may use combinatorial game theory or computer assistance.
Losing chess [a] is one of the most popular chess variants. [1] [2] The objective of each player is to lose all of their pieces or be stalemated, that is, a misère version. In some variations, a player may also win by checkmating or by being checkmated. Losing chess was weakly solved in 2016 by Mark Watkins as a win for White, beginning with 1.e3.
Zermelo's theorem can be applied to all finite-stage two-player games with complete information and alternating moves. The game must satisfy the following criteria: there are two players in the game; the game is of perfect information; the board game is finite; the two players can take alternate turns; and there is no chance element present.
Marseillais chess (or Two-move chess): After the first turn of the game by White being a single move, each player moves twice per turn. Monster chess (or Super King): White has the king and four pawns (c2-f2) against the entire black army but may make two successive moves per turn. There is no check. Players win by capturing the king.
All chess positions with up to seven pieces on the board have been solved by endgame tablebases, [2] so the outcome (win, loss, or draw) of best play by both sides in such positions is known, and endgame textbooks teach this best play. However, most endgames are not solved, so textbooks teach useful strategies and tactics about them.
By 2005, tablebases for all positions having up to six pieces, including the two kings, had been created. [1] By August 2012, tablebases had solved chess for almost every position with up to seven pieces, with certain subclasses omitted due to their assumed triviality; [2] [3] these omitted positions were included by August 2018. [4]
For instance, in 2007 it was announced that checkers has been weakly solved—optimal play by both sides also leads to a draw—but this result was a computer-assisted proof. [4] Other real world games are mostly too complicated to allow complete analysis today, although the theory has had some recent successes in analyzing Go endgames.