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The principle of laser enhanced welding is based on the interaction between the electrical arc and laser radiation. Due to the optogalvanic effect (OGE) a channel of higher conductivity in the plasma is established along the path of the laser. [1] Therefore, a movement of the laser beam results in a movement of the electrical arc.
Laser beam welding (LBW) is a welding technique used to join pieces of metal or thermoplastics through the use of a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat source, allowing for narrow, deep welds and high welding rates.
With laser diodes where narrow linewidth is required, direct modulation is avoided due to a high bandwidth "chirping" effect when applying and removing the current to the laser. Optical modulators are used with superconductors which work properly only at low temperatures, generally just above absolute zero .
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
Diagram of a simple VCSEL structure. The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL / ˈ v ɪ k s əl /) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers (also called in-plane lasers) which emit from surfaces formed by cleaving the individual chip out of a wafer.
Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts. A laser is constructed from three principal parts: An energy source (usually referred to as the pump or pump source), A gain medium or laser medium, and; Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator.
No real laser is truly monochromatic; all lasers can emit light over some range of frequencies, known as the linewidth of the laser transition. In most lasers, this linewidth is quite narrow (for example, the 1,064 nm wavelength transition of a Nd:YAG laser has a linewidth of approximately 120 GHz, or 0.45 nm [5]).
User manuals and user guides for most non-trivial PC and browser software applications are book-like documents with contents similar to the above list. They may be distributed either in print or electronically. Some documents have a more fluid structure with many internal links.