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Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side [1] or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin.
In anthropology, a lineage is a unilineal descent group that traces its ancestry to a demonstrably shared ancestor, known as the apical ancestor. [1] [2] [3] Lineages are formed through relationships traced either exclusively through the maternal line (matrilineage), paternal line (patrilineage), or some combination of both (). [4]
Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which each person is identified with their matriline, their mother's lineage, and which can involve the inheritance of property and titles.
The usual lack of matrinames to pass on in patrilineal cultures makes traditional genealogy more difficult in the maternal line than in the paternal line. [1] After all, father-line surnames originated partly to identify individuals clearly and were adopted partly for administrative reasons, [c] and these patrinames help in searching for facts and documentation from centuries ago.
Thus, being Jewish through the paternal line typically necessitates conversion to Judaism to validate one's identity as a Jew in the fullest sense. Matrilineal descent is observed in Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism , whereas Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept full Jewishness through either parent; Reform responsa ...
Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs or documentaries about this topic; they may ...
Schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia, from 25,000 years ago to present. The genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is divided into two distinct periods: the initial peopling of the Americas from about 20,000 to 14,000 years ago (20–14 kya), [1] and European contact, after about 500 years ago.
A famous study in 1998 examined the lineage of descendants of Thomas Jefferson's paternal line and male lineage descendants of the freed slave Sally Hemings. [2]Bryan Sykes, a molecular biologist at Oxford University, tested the new methodology in general surname research. [3]