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The typical seroconversion timecourse for hepatitis B. Seroconversion plays a major role in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infections. [60] As in other viral infections, seropositivity indicates that an individual has a sufficiently high concentration of antibody or antigen in the blood to be detectable by standard techniques.
Those who still fail to respond will require hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) if later exposed to the hepatitis B virus. [ 33 ] Poor responses are mostly associated with being over the age of 40 years, obesity , celiac disease , and tobacco smoking , [ 34 ] [ 37 ] and also in alcoholics , especially if with advanced liver disease . [ 38 ]
Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis B have been routinely recommended for babies since 1991 in the United States. [71] The first dose is generally recommended within a day of birth. [72] The hepatitis B vaccine was the first vaccine capable of preventing cancer, specifically liver cancer. [73]
FibroTest, known as FibroSure in the US, is a biomarker test that uses the results of six blood serum tests to generate a score that is correlated with the degree of liver damage in people with a variety of liver diseases. FibroTest has the same prognostic value as a liver biopsy.
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HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. [15] It consists of small (S), medium (M) and large (L) protein. [16] HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen) is the main structural protein of HBV icosahedral nucleocapsid and it has function in replication of the virus. [17]
Hepatitis B infections result in 500,000 to 1,200,000 deaths per year worldwide due to the complications of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B is endemic in a number of (mainly South-East Asian) countries, making cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma big killers.
DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine is a 5-in-1 combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one. [1] It protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B, [1] which is generally used in middle- and low-income countries, where polio vaccine is given separately.