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A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. [1] Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
Cynthia Kurtz, an IBM researcher, and Snowden described the framework in detail the following year in a paper, "The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world", published in IBM Systems Journal. [4] [17] [18] The domain names have changed over the years.
The use of the term complex is often confused with the term complicated. In today's systems, this is the difference between myriad connecting "stovepipes" and effective "integrated" solutions. [17] This means that complex is the opposite of independent, while complicated is the opposite of simple.
Simple, complicated, complex, and really complex projects - based on the Cynefin framework. Based on the Cynefin framework developed by Dave Snowden, [6] complex projects can be classified as: Simple (or clear, obvious, known) projects, systems, or contexts. These are characterized by known knowns, stability, clear cause-and-effect relationships.
The Fundamental Failure-Mode Theorem (F.F.T.): complex systems usually operate in a failure mode. A complex system can fail in an infinite number of ways. (If anything can go wrong, it will; see Murphy's law.) The mode of failure of a complex system cannot ordinarily be predicted from its structure. The crucial variables are discovered by accident.
The complex tax system has also spawned an entire industry of tax software companies, accused of lobbying to keep tax-filing expensive and complicated. The struggle between complexity and resources
"Complex systems are, by any other definition, learning organizations." [ 18 ] Complexity Theory, KM, and OL are all complementary and co-dependent. [ 18 ] “ KM and OL each lack a theory of how cognition happens in human social systems – complexity theory offers this missing piece”.
Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the interactions between entities. As the number of entities increases, the number of interactions between them increases exponentially, making it impossible to know and understand them all.