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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Benzene with an EWG typically undergoes electrophilic substitution at meta positions. Overall the rates are diminished. thus EWGs are called deactivating. [citation needed] When it comes to nucleophilic substitution reactions, electron-withdrawing groups are more prone to nucleophilic substitution.
Consider para-disubstituted benzene p-F-C 6 H 4-Z, where Z is a substituent such as NH 2, NO 2, etc. The fluorine atom is para with respect to the substituent Z in the benzene ring. The image on the right shows four distinguished ring carbon atoms, C1, C2, C3, C4 in p-F-C 6 H 4-Z molecule. The carbon with Z is defined as C1(ipso) and ...
A nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S N Ar) is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide, on an aromatic ring. Aromatic rings are usually nucleophilic, but some aromatic compounds do undergo nucleophilic substitution.
The Buchner ring expansion reaction was first used in 1885 by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius [1] [2] who prepared a carbene from ethyl diazoacetate for addition to benzene using both thermal and photochemical pathways in the synthesis of cycloheptatriene derivatives. The resulting product was a mixture of four isomeric carboxylic acids ...
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