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  2. Scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

    The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, not the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of ...

  3. Experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment

    Scientific controls are a part of the scientific method. Ideally, all variables in an experiment are controlled (accounted for by the control measurements) and none are uncontrolled. In such an experiment, if all controls work as expected, it is possible to conclude that the experiment works as intended, and that results are due to the effect ...

  4. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    The same is true for intervening variables (a variable in between the supposed cause (X) and the effect (Y)), and anteceding variables (a variable prior to the supposed cause (X) that is the true cause). When a third variable is involved and has not been controlled for, the relation is said to be a zero order relationship. In most practical ...

  5. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]

  6. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.

  7. Field experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_experiment

    The history of experiments in the lab and the field has left longstanding impacts in the physical, natural, and life sciences. Modern use field experiments has roots in the 1700s, when James Lind utilized a controlled field experiment to identify a treatment for scurvy. [19] Other categorical examples of sciences that use field experiments include:

  8. List of research methods in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_methods...

    Method Utility Branches Agarose gel electrophoresis: Used to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar: Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Genetics: Animal Model: Used for researching diseases and disorders in humans.

  9. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Statistical studies can alleviate the problem by controlling for variables suspected to be confounders, but it is still possible that an observed correlation is caused by some uncontrolled-for factor. The scientific method is a solution to this problem. In a scientific experiment, the experimenters vary an independent variable and observe the ...