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Amoeboid microglia are especially prevalent during the development and rewiring of the brain, when there are large amounts of extracellular debris and apoptotic cells to remove. This form of microglial cell is found mainly within the perinatal white matter areas in the corpus callosum known as the "Fountains of Microglia".
Ramón y Cajal discovered neurons, Penfield helped explain oligodendroglia, [2] whilst Rio Hortega discovered microglia, [3] which are the cells that protect the brain from infection. He managed to identify microglia between 1919 and 1921 by staining the cells with silver carbonate. [3]
Microglia, while primarily known for their immunological functions, exhibit remarkable plasticity, enabling them to perform a diverse range of roles within the central nervous system. Traditionally, microglia have been characterized as existing in two distinct morphological states that correlate with changes in their functional properties: [45]
Microglia have been implicated in neuropathic pain. They become activated in response to nerve injury, as demonstrated by several animal models. [30] Activated microglia release substances that excite pain-sensitive neurons, including prostaglandins and reactive oxygen species, through the purinergic signaling mechanisms.
Immunohistochemical stains for microglia (CD68 or HLA-DR) and astrocytes (GFAP) are also helpful techniques to characterize white matter pathology. [6] With a similar pathology to POLD, HDLS is commonly grouped as adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) so as to give these individually under-recognized ...
Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example. [1] Also of concern is the color of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain ...
The removal of dying cells is, to a greater extent, handled by fixed macrophages, which will stay at strategic locations such as the lungs, liver, neural tissue, bone, spleen and connective tissue, ingesting foreign materials such as pathogens and recruiting additional macrophages if needed.
3D animation of Müller cell processes (red) interconnected with a retinal microglia cell (green). Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller. [1] They are found in the vertebrate retina, where they serve as support cells for the neurons, as all glial cells do. They are ...