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Thermal conductivity and resistivity. The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by , , or and is measured in W·m −1 ·K −1. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductance and resistance. In heat transfer, thermal engineering, and thermodynamics, thermal conductance and thermal resistance are fundamental concepts that describe the ability of materials or systems to conduct heat and the opposition they offer to the heat current. The ability to manipulate these properties allows engineers to ...
Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers (usually the electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage. Thermal noise is present in all electrical circuits, and in sensitive ...
Thermal conduction (power) is the heat per unit time transferred some distance ℓ between the two temperatures. κ is the thermal conductivity of the material. A is the cross-sectional area of the object. ΔT is the difference in temperature from one side to the other. ℓ is the length of the path the heat has to be transferred.
Sheet resistance. Sheet resistance is the resistance of a square piece of a thin material with contacts made to two opposite sides of the square. [1] It is usually a measurement of electrical resistance of thin films that are uniform in thickness. It is commonly used to characterize materials made by semiconductor doping, metal deposition ...
The Steinhart–Hart equation is a model relating the varying electrical resistance of a semiconductor to its varying temperatures. The equation is. where. are the Steinhart–Hart coefficients, which are characteristics specific to the bulk semiconductor material over a given temperature range of interest.
Joule heating (also known as resistive, resistance, or Ohmic heating) is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.. Joule's first law (also just Joule's law), also known in countries of the former USSR as the Joule–Lenz law, [1] states that the power of heating generated by an electrical conductor equals the product of its resistance and the ...
Illustration of the electric field between two parallel conductive plates of finite size (known as a parallel plate capacitor). In the middle of the plates, far from any edges, the electric field is very nearly uniform. A uniform field is one in which the electric field is constant at every point.