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  2. Counter (digital) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_(digital)

    For example, a four-bit counter can have a modulus of up to 16 (2^4). Counters are generally classified as either synchronous or asynchronous. In synchronous counters, all flip-flops share a common clock and change state at the same time. In asynchronous counters, each flip-flop has a unique clock, and the flip-flop states change at different ...

  3. Asynchronous circuit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit

    Asynchronous circuit (clockless or self-timed circuit) [1]: Lecture 12 [note 1][2]: 157–186 is a sequential digital logic circuit that does not use a global clock circuit or signal generator to synchronize its components. [1][3]: 3–5 Instead, the components are driven by a handshaking circuit which indicates a completion of a set of ...

  4. Ring counter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_counter

    The straight ring counter has the logical structure shown here: Instead of the reset line setting up the initial one-hot pattern, the straight ring is sometimes made self-initializing by the use of a distributed feedback gate across all of the outputs except that last, so that a 1 is presented at the input when there is no 1 in any stage but the last.

  5. Frequency divider - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_divider

    For power-of-2 integer division, a simple binary counter can be used, clocked by the input signal. The least-significant output bit alternates at 1/2 the rate of the input clock, the next bit at 1/4 the rate, the third bit at 1/8 the rate, etc. An arrangement of flipflops is a classic method for integer-n division. Such division is frequency ...

  6. Shift register - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_register

    Shift register. A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next. They share a single clock signal, which causes the data stored in the system to shift from one location to the next. By connecting the last flip-flop back to the first, the data can ...

  7. Flip-flop (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)

    It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems. Flip-flops and latches are used as data storage elements to store a single bit (binary digit) of data; one of its two states represents a ...

  8. Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous...

    A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART / ˈjuːɑːrt /) is a peripheral device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds are configurable. It sends data bits one by one, from the least significant to the most significant, framed by start and stop bits so that precise timing is handled ...

  9. Adder (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)

    A one-bit full-adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as , , and ; and are the operands, and is a bit carried in from the previous less-significant stage. [3] The circuit produces a two-bit output. Output carry and sum are typically represented by the signals and , where the sum equals . The full adder is usually a component in a ...