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Euler, when setting 0 0 = 1, mentioned that consequently the values of the function 0 x take a "huge jump", from ∞ for x < 0, to 1 at x = 0, to 0 for x > 0. [14] In 1814, Pfaff used a squeeze theorem argument to prove that x x → 1 as x → 0 +. [8]
Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar names [note 1]) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence with the infinite set of natural numbers – informally, that there are sets which in some sense contain more elements than there are positive integers.
Description. The simplest and most common form of mathematical induction infers that a statement involving a natural number n (that is, an integer n ≥ 0 or 1) holds for all values of n. The proof consists of two steps: The base case (or initial case): prove that the statement holds for 0, or 1. The induction step (or inductive step, or step ...
Mathematical fallacy. In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known ...
The Archimedean property: any point x before the finish line lies between two of the points P n (inclusive).. It is possible to prove the equation 0.999... = 1 using just the mathematical tools of comparison and addition of (finite) decimal numbers, without any reference to more advanced topics such as series and limits.
Simplifications. Some of the proofs of Fermat's little theorem given below depend on two simplifications. The first is that we may assume that a is in the range 0 ≤ a ≤ p − 1. This is a simple consequence of the laws of modular arithmetic; we are simply saying that we may first reduce a modulo p.
The #P-completeness of 01-permanent, sometimes known as Valiant's theorem, [1] is a mathematical proof about the permanent of matrices, considered a seminal result in computational complexity theory. [2] [3] In a 1979 scholarly paper, Leslie Valiant proved that the computational problem of computing the permanent of a matrix is #P-hard, even if ...
Peano axioms. In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms (/ piˈɑːnoʊ /, [1] [peˈaːno]), also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th-century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano. These axioms have been used nearly unchanged in a number of metamathematical ...