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This cost function (()) is the mean square error, and it is minimized by the LMS. This is where the LMS gets its name. Applying steepest descent means to take the partial derivatives with respect to the individual entries of the filter coefficient (weight) vector
The signal box was designed and built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) to replace an earlier timber signal box that stood on a gantry. It was opened in January 1940. In the years approaching the Second World War, and in the early years of the war, precautions were taken to protect existing signal boxes from enemy bombing.
The observer design pattern is a behavioural pattern listed among the 23 well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns that address recurring design challenges in order to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, yielding objects that are easier to implement, change, test and reuse.
In the forward prediction case, we have () = with the input signal () as the most up to date sample. The backward prediction case is d ( k ) = x ( k − i − 1 ) {\displaystyle d(k)=x(k-i-1)\,\!} , where i is the index of the sample in the past we want to predict, and the input signal x ( k ) {\displaystyle x(k)\,\!} is the most recent sample.
LMS (long, medium, short), is a color space which represents the response of the three types of cones of the human eye, named for their responsivity (sensitivity) peaks at long, medium, and short wavelengths.
The general idea behind Volterra LMS and Kernel LMS is to replace data samples by different nonlinear algebraic expressions. For Volterra LMS this expression is Volterra series. In Spline Adaptive Filter the model is a cascade of linear dynamic block and static non-linearity, which is approximated by splines.
Plot of normalized function (i.e. ()) with its spectral frequency components.. The unitary Fourier transforms of the rectangular function are [2] = = (), using ordinary frequency f, where is the normalized form [10] of the sinc function and = (/) / = (/), using angular frequency , where is the unnormalized form of the sinc function.
An adaptive equalizer is an equalizer that automatically adapts to time-varying properties of the communication channel. [1] It is frequently used with coherent modulations such as phase-shift keying, mitigating the effects of multipath propagation and Doppler spreading.