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Singmaster's conjecture is a conjecture in combinatorial number theory, named after the British mathematician David Singmaster who proposed it in 1971. It says that there is a finite upper bound on the multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle (other than the number 1, which appears infinitely many times).
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is an infinite triangular array of the binomial coefficients which play a crucial role in probability theory, combinatorics, and algebra.In much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Persia, [1] India, [2] China, Germany, and Italy.
Pascal's triangle, rows 0 through 7. The hockey stick identity confirms, for example: for n =6, r =2: 1+3+6+10+15=35. In combinatorics , the hockey-stick identity , [ 1 ] Christmas stocking identity , [ 2 ] boomerang identity , Fermat's identity or Chu's Theorem , [ 3 ] states that if n ≥ r ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq r\geq 0} are integers, then
The matrices have the pleasing relationship S n = L n U n. From this it is easily seen that all three matrices have determinant 1, as the determinant of a triangular matrix is simply the product of its diagonal elements, which are all 1 for both L n and U n. In other words, matrices S n, L n, and U n are unimodular, with L n and U n having trace n.
CYK algorithm: an O(n 3) algorithm for parsing context-free grammars in Chomsky normal form; Earley parser: another O(n 3) algorithm for parsing any context-free grammar; GLR parser: an algorithm for parsing any context-free grammar by Masaru Tomita. It is tuned for deterministic grammars, on which it performs almost linear time and O(n 3) in ...
where f (2k−1) is the (2k − 1)th derivative of f and B 2k is the (2k)th Bernoulli number: B 2 = 1 / 6 , B 4 = − + 1 / 30 , and so on. Setting f ( x ) = x , the first derivative of f is 1, and every other term vanishes, so [ 15 ]
The idea becomes clearer by considering the general series 1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4x 3 + 5x 4 − 6x 5 + &c. that arises while expanding the expression 1 ⁄ (1+x) 2, which this series is indeed equal to after we set x = 1.
The first five layers of Pascal's 3-simplex (Pascal's pyramid). Each face (orange grid) is Pascal's 2-simplex (Pascal's triangle). Arrows show derivation of two example terms. In mathematics, Pascal's simplex is a generalisation of Pascal's triangle into arbitrary number of dimensions, based on the multinomial theorem.