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The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth (or other planetary body), or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. Atmospheric models also differ in how they compute vertical fluid motions; some types of models are thermotropic, [1] barotropic, hydrostatic, and non-hydrostatic. These model types ...
For the six SRES marker scenarios, IPCC (2007:7–8) gave a "best estimate" of global mean temperature increase (2090–2099 relative to the period 1980–1999) of 1.8 °C to 4.0 °C. [20] Over the same time period, the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) for these scenarios was for a global mean temperature ...
Climate (from Ancient Greek κλίμα 'inclination') is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. [9] The standard averaging period is 30 years, [10] but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations.
Climate models divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid and apply differential equations to each grid. The equations are based on the basic laws of physics, fluid motion, and chemistry. Numerical climate models (or climate system models) are mathematical models that can simulate the interactions of important drivers of climate.
Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type. [1] The Köppen climate classification is the most widely used climate classification scheme. [2] It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, [3] [4] with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and ...
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the Earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. . Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and ...
The gravitational force accelerates objects at approximately 9.8 m/s 2 directly towards the center of the Earth. The force due to viscous friction can be approximated as: f r = f a 1 ρ μ ( ∇ ⋅ ( μ ∇ v ) + ∇ ( λ ∇ ⋅ v ) ) . {\displaystyle f_{r}={f \over a}{1 \over \rho }\mu \left(\nabla \cdot (\mu \nabla v)+\nabla (\lambda \nabla ...
The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).