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Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst, but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst.
With excess base, two of the three alkyl groups attached to the boron atom may convert to halide, but disiamylborane permits only halogenation of the hydroborated olefin: [44] Treatment of an alkenylborane with iodine or bromine induces migration of a boron-attached organic group.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...
The icosahedral charge-neutral closo-carboranes, 1,2-, 1,7-, and 1,12- C 2 B 10 H 12 (informally ortho-, meta-, and para-carborane) are particularly stable and are commercially available. [10] [11] The ortho-carborane forms first upon the reaction of decaborane and acetylene. It converts quantitatively to the meta-carborane upon heating in an ...
The direct formylation of aromatic compounds can be accomplished by various methods such as the Gattermann reaction, Gattermann–Koch reaction, Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, or Duff reaction; however, in terms of ease and safety of operations, the Reimer–Tiemann reaction is often the most advantageous route chosen in chemical synthesis.
Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed from a single nonaromatic precursor. Typically aromatization is achieved by dehydrogenation of existing cyclic compounds, illustrated by the conversion of cyclohexane into benzene. Aromatization includes the formation of heterocyclic systems.
Carborane acids H(CXB 11 Y 5 Z 6) (X, Y, Z = H, Alk, F, Cl, Br, CF 3) are a class of superacids, [1] some of which are estimated to be at least one million times stronger than 100% pure sulfuric acid in terms of their Hammett acidity function values (H 0 ≤ –18) and possess computed pK a values well below –20, establishing them as some of the strongest known Brønsted acids.
For example, an acyl halide can react with: water, to form a carboxylic acid. This hydrolysis is the most heavily exploited reaction for acyl halides as it occurs in the industrial synthesis of acetic acid. an alcohol to form an ester; an amine to form an amide; an aromatic compound, using a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl 3, to form an ...