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Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change" [n 1]), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891.
Wage Labour and Capital" (German: Lohnarbeit und Kapital) was an 1847 lecture by the critic of political economy and philosopher Karl Marx, first published as articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in April 1849. [1]
The proletariat (/ ˌ p r oʊ l ɪ ˈ t ɛər i ə t /; from Latin proletarius ' producing offspring ') is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). [1]
Laborem exercens begins with a scriptural argument that work is more than just an activity or a commodity, but an essential part of human nature.. The Church finds in the very first pages of the Book of Genesis the source of her conviction that work is a fundamental dimension of human existence on earth. ...
"Labour is not a commodity" is the principle expressed in the preamble to the International Labour Organization's founding documents. It expresses the view that people should not be treated like inanimate commodities, capital, another mere factor of production, or resources.
The result aimed for is the valorisation of invested capital, i.e. other things being equal, the value of capital is maintained and has also increased through the activity of living labour. At the end of the working day, labour power has been more or less consumed, and must be restored through rest, eating and drinking, and recreation.
The means of labor and the subject of labor comprise the means of production of society. [full citation needed] [page needed] In some formulations, the means of labor and human labor (including the activity itself as well as the laborer's skills and knowledge used in production) comprise the productive forces of society (e.g., Sheptulin, 1978).
Smith, writing The Wealth of Nations in English, spoke of a "previous" accumulation; [8] Karl Marx, writing Das Kapital in German, reprised Smith's expression, by translating it to German as ursprünglich ("original, initial"); Marx's translators, in turn, rendered it into English as primitive. [1]