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If neutrino and light speed were the same, a subtraction value of 1043.4 nanoseconds should have been obtained for the correction. However, the actual subtraction value amounted to only 985.6 nanoseconds, corresponding to an arrival time 57.8 nanoseconds earlier than expected.
1913 – Georges Sagnac observes the effect named after him, disproving Ritz's ballistic theory or aether drag. However, he favours Lorentz's model and even claims – incorrectly – to contradict SR. 1913 – Willem de Sitter describes how the light of double stars contradicts Ritz’s ballistic theory of light.
Robert Dicke, in 1957, developed a VSL theory of gravity, a theory in which (unlike general relativity) the speed of light measured locally by a free-falling observer could vary. [7] Dicke assumed that both frequencies and wavelengths could vary, which since c = ν λ {\displaystyle c=\nu \lambda } resulted in a relative change of c .
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Measurements on light from gamma-ray bursts show that the speed of light does not vary with energy. Modern searches for Lorentz violation are scientific studies that look for deviations from Lorentz invariance or symmetry, a set of fundamental frameworks that underpin modern science and fundamental physics in particular.
In 1992, John Moffat proposed that the speed of light was much larger in the early universe, in which the speed of light had a value of more than 10 30 km/s. [2] He published his " variable speed of light " (VSL) theory in two places—on the Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) online archive, 16 Nov. 1992, [ 4 ] and in a 1993 edition of ...
In the following, the notation of Mansouri–Sexl is used. [2] They chose the coefficients a, b, d, e of the following transformation between reference frames: = + = = = where T, X, Y, Z are the Cartesian coordinates measured in a postulated preferred frame (in which the speed of light c is isotropic), and t, x, y, z are the coordinates measured in a frame moving in the +X direction (with the ...
The two-way speed of light is the average speed of light from one point, such as a source, to a mirror and back again. Because the light starts and finishes in the same place, only one clock is needed to measure the total time; thus, this speed can be experimentally determined independently of any clock synchronization scheme.