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Typically, the proto-language is not known directly. It is by definition a linguistic reconstruction formulated by applying the comparative method to a group of languages featuring similar characteristics. [3] The tree is a statement of similarity and a hypothesis that the similarity results from descent from a common language.
In 2011, an article in the journal Science proposed an African origin of modern human languages. [10] It was suggested that human language predates the out-of-Africa migrations of 50,000 to 70,000 years ago and that language might have been the essential cultural and cognitive innovation that facilitated human colonization of the globe. [11]
A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are genetically related. Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of ...
A. Proto-Abkhaz–Abaza language; Proto-Admiralty Islands language; Proto-Afroasiatic language; Proto-Albanian language; Proto-Algic language; Proto-Algonquian language
Proto-Northwest Caucasian. Proto-Abazgi; Proto-Circassian; Proto-Kartvelian. Proto-Georgian-Zan; Proto-Basque; Proto-Indo-European. Proto-Anatolian; Proto-Albanian
An attested word from which a root in the proto-language is reconstructed is a reflex. More generally, a reflex is the known derivative of an earlier form, which may be either attested or reconstructed. A reflex that is predictable from the reconstructed history of the language is a 'regular' reflex. Reflexes of the same source are cognates.
Definition [ edit ] In the words of philologist Martin L. West , "If there was an Indo-European language, it follows that there was a people who spoke it: not a people in the sense of a nation, for they may never have formed a political unity, and not a people in any racial sense, for they may have been as genetically mixed as any modern ...
A science fair or engineering fair is an event hosted by a school that offers students the opportunity to experience the practices of science and engineering for themselves. In the United States, the Next Generation Science Standards makes experiencing the practices of science and engineering one of the three pillars of science education.