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The volume magnetic susceptibility, represented by the symbol χ v (often simply χ, sometimes χ m – magnetic, to distinguish from the electric susceptibility), is defined in the International System of Units – in other systems there may be additional constants – by the following relationship: [4] [5]
The primary measurement in magnetochemistry is magnetic susceptibility. This measures the strength of interaction on placing the substance in a magnetic field. The volume magnetic susceptibility, represented by the symbol is defined by the relationship =
The magnetization is the negative derivative of the free energy with respect to the applied field, and so the magnetization per unit volume is = , where n is the number density of magnetic moments. [1]: 117 The formula above is known as the Langevin paramagnetic equation.
The hyperpolarizability, a nonlinear-optical property of a molecule, is the second order electric susceptibility per unit volume. [1] The hyperpolarizability can be calculated using quantum chemical calculations developed in several software packages. [2] [3] [4] See nonlinear optics.
This means that their volume magnetic susceptibility is = −1. Diamagnetics are defined by the generation of a spontaneous magnetization of a material which directly opposes the direction of an applied field. However, the fundamental origins of diamagnetism in superconductors and normal materials are very different.
Accordingly, physicists and engineers usually define magnetization as the quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume. [1] It is represented by a pseudovector M . Magnetization can be compared to electric polarization , which is the measure of the corresponding response of a material to an electric field in electrostatics .
Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a volume magnetic susceptibility = −1) and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field.
Schematic diagram of Gouy balance. The Gouy balance, invented by the French physicist Louis Georges Gouy, is a device for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. . The Gouy balance operates on magnetic torque, by placing the sample on a horizontal arm or beam suspended by a thin fiber, and placing either a permanent magnet or electromagnet on the other end of the arm, there is a ...