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It is not a disease but represents normal breast changes. [3] Diagnosis involves ruling out breast cancer. [1] Fibrocystic changes include fibroadenomas, fibrosis, papillomas of the breast, [1] and apocrine-type metaplasia. [4] Management may involve education about the condition, using a well fitting bra, and pain medication, if needed. [1]
Triple Test Score components: physical exam, imaging, and needle biopsy. The triple test score is a diagnostic tool for examining potentially cancerous breasts. Diagnostic accuracy of the triple test score is nearly 100%. Scoring includes using the procedures of physical examination, mammography and needle biopsy.
Automated whole-breast ultrasound (AWBU) is a technique that produces volumetric images of the breast and is largely independent of operator skill. It utilizes high-frequency ultrasound to help perform a diagnostic evaluation of the lactiferous ducts ( duct sonography ) [ 5 ] and make dilated ducts and intraductal masses visible.
A breast mass, also known as a breast lump, is a localized swelling that feels different from the surrounding tissue. [1] Breast pain, nipple discharge, or skin changes may be present. [1] Concerning findings include masses that are hard, do not move easily, are of an irregular shape, or are firmly attached to surrounding tissue. [2]
Surgical breast biopsy specimen that has been inked on all sides to aid a pathologist in evaluating tissue margins under the microscope. Excisional biopsy involves surgically removing the suspicious area of the breast to examine it under the microscope for diagnosis.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Molecular breast imaging (MBI), also known as scintimammography, is a type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in breast tissue of individuals who have had abnormal mammograms, especially for those who have dense breast tissue, post-operative scar tissue or breast implants. [1]
Multi-tissue blocks were first introduced by H. Battifora in 1986 with his so-called “multitumor (sausage) tissue block" and modified in 1990 with its improvement, "the checkerboard tissue block" . In 1998, J. Kononen and collaborators developed the current technique, which uses a novel sampling approach to produce tissues of regular size and ...