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The nasolabial folds, commonly known as "smile lines" [1] or "laugh lines", [2] [self-published source] are facial features. They are the two skin folds that run from each side of the nose to the corners of the mouth. They are defined by facial structures that support the buccal fat pad. [3] They separate the cheeks from the upper lip.
Involutional stenosis is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the lumen of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory infiltrates and edema.
Adenoma sebaceum, also known as facial angiofibroma is a misnamed cutaneous disorder consisting of angiofibromas that begin in childhood (generally present between 2–5 years of age) and appear clinically as red papules on the face especially on the nasolabial folds, cheek and chin, [1]: 195 often misidentified as acne not responding to treatment.
Historically, the cause of nasopalatine duct cysts has been somewhat of an enigma. Although it was originally postulated that the cyst formed from trapped epithelial cells during embryonic fusion of the palatal bones, [3] it is now thought that it forms from oronasal ducts present within the incisive canals. [4] [5]
Bell's palsy is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis. [3] [4] There is no known cause of Bell's palsy, [5] [6] although it has been associated with herpes simplex infection. Bell's palsy may develop over several days, and may last several months, in the majority of cases recovering spontaneously.
The danger triangle of the face consists of the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla. [1] [2]: 345–346 Due to the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infection from the nasal area to spread to the brain, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or brain abscess.
Azficel-T, sold under the brand name Laviv, is a cell therapy product for the improvement of the appearance of moderate to severe nasolabial fold wrinkles in adults. [1] [2] [3] It consists of fibroblasts harvested from the patient's own skin. [2] It was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2011. [2]
Tornwaldt's disease is a rare benign disorder caused by persistent notochord remnants. [3] This disease almost remains asymptomatic. [citation needed] At about the 10th week of embryonic development, the pharyngeal pouch forms by adhesion of the pharyngeal ectoderm to the cranial end of the notochord.
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