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When it reacts with concrete, it causes the slab to expand, lifting, distorting and cracking as well as exerting a pressure onto the surrounding walls which can cause movements significantly weakening the structure. Some infill materials frequently encountered in building fondations and causing sulfate attack are the following: [2] Red Ash
To attempt to simplify and to stylize a very complex set of various reactions, the whole ASR reaction, after its complete evolution (ageing process) in the presence of sufficient Ca 2+ cations available in solution, could be compared to the pozzolanic reaction which would be catalysed by the undesirable presence of excessive concentrations of alkali hydroxides (NaOH and KOH) in the concrete.
This allows formulators to create high solids coatings systems which are user-friendly with longer working times and still maintain a fast-cure. [10] Traditional aliphatic polyurea formulations required high-pressure, temperature-controlled plural component spray systems to be applied due to fast initial reaction rates.
If concrete is exposed to very high temperatures very rapidly, explosive spalling of the concrete can result. In a very hot, very quick fire the water inside the concrete will boil before it evaporates. The steam inside the concrete exerts expansive pressure and can initiate and forcibly expel a spall. [23]
High-pressure chemistry is concerned with those chemical processes that are carried out under high pressure – pressures in the thousands of bars (100 kPa) or higher.High-pressure processes are generally faster and have a higher conversion efficiency than processes at ambient pressure.
Here's a step-by-step overview: Surface Preparation: Ensure the concrete surface is clean and free of debris, oil, surface coatings and other contaminants. Application: Apply Ashford Formula with a low-pressure, high-volume sprayer at 200 ft 2 /gal (5 m 2 /L), creating a flood coat. Agitate the surface with fine-bristled brooms to help penetration.
A reading below this measure means the floor is soft and can crack under pressure. The next step is the initial grinding. In this step, low grit diamonds (e.g. 16- to 20-grit) are used to grind down all uneven surface until the floor is flat. [2] The next step is patching. Normally, all concrete floors have cracks.
Vapor pressure is a critical parameter in VCI effectiveness. The most favorable range of pressure is 10 −3 to 10 −2 Pa at room temperature. Insufficient pressure leads to the slow establishment of the protective layer; if the pressure is too high, VCI effectiveness is limited to a short time. [10] [11]
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