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Disproportionality in special education is the unequal representation of certain demographic groups in restrictive placement and discipline, particularly in the United States' public school system. Disproportionality is often displayed as the under- or over-representation of specific racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, or culturally and ...
The Gallagher index measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature. [1] [2] As such, it measures the difference between the percentage of votes each party gets and the percentage of seats each party gets in the resulting legislature, and it also measures this disproportionality from all parties collectively in any one given election.
The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality. Related is the votes-per-seat-won, [3] which is inverse to the seats-to-votes ratio. Also related are the principles of one man one vote and representation by population.
The index is named after John Loosemore and Victor J. Hanby, who first published the formula in 1971 in a paper entitled "The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion: Some Analytic Expressions for Electoral Systems". Along with Douglas W. Rae's, the formula is one of the two most cited disproportionality indices. [3]
As alarming reports emerge about the prevalence of COVID-19 in black communities, both individuals and organizations are calling for more data transparency.
For example, it is known in Israel as the Bader–Ofer system. Jefferson's method uses a quota (called a divisor), as in the largest remainder method . The divisor is chosen as necessary so that the resulting quotients, disregarding any fractional remainders , sum to the required total; in other words, pick a number so that there is no need to ...
An example that demonstrates this theory is when politicians in the United States, seeking reelection, used the issue of drug abuse to cause social panic. Even though were in office and wished to remain there, they still believed that drug use was a problem they wanted to address to the public.
De Souza said "I am also extremely concerned by the ethnic disproportionality shown in these figures, particularly given that ethnicity was determined to be such a key factor in the Child Q case. I am not reassured that what happened to Child Q was an isolated issue, but instead believe it may be a particularly concerning example of a more ...