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The softening point is the temperature at which a material softens beyond some arbitrary softness. [1] It can be determined, for example, by the Vicat method (ASTM-D1525 or ISO 306), Heat Deflection Test (ASTM-D648) or a ring and ball method (ISO 4625 or ASTM E28-67/E28-99 or ASTM D36 or ASTM D6493 - 11 or JIS K 6863).
Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
For the Vicat A test, a load of 10 N is used. For the Vicat B test, the load is 50 N. It is named after the French engineer Louis Vicat. Standards to determine Vicat softening point include ASTM D 1525 and ISO 306, which are largely equivalent. [1] The vicat softening temperature can be used to compare the heat-characteristics of different ...
The flame test is a more well known version of the chemical test. It is only used on metallic ions. The metal powder is burned, causing an emission of colors based on what metal was burned. For example, calcium (Ca) will burn orange and copper (Cu) will burn blue. Their color emissions are used to produce bright colors in fireworks. [citation ...
See Bacteriological water analysis and specific tests such as turbidity and hard water. "finished" water quality – water treated at a municipal water purification plant. See Bacteriological water analysis and Category:Water quality indicators. suitability of water for industrial uses such as laboratory, manufacturing or equipment cooling. See ...
To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book". [4] [5] Certain analyses are performed in-field (e.g. pH, specific conductance) while others involve sampling and laboratory ...
When testing coatings, scratch hardness refers to the force necessary to cut through the film to the substrate. The most common test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. One tool to make this measurement is the sclerometer. Another tool used to make these tests is the pocket hardness tester. This tool consists of a scale arm with ...
The farinograph is a tool used for measuring the shear and viscosity of a mixture of flour and water. The primary units of the farinograph are Brabender Units, an arbitrary unit of measuring the viscosity of a fluid. [2] A baker can formulate end products by using the farinograph's results to determine the following: [citation needed] Water ...
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