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Image of CD4 co-receptor binding to MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) non-polymorphic region. In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
The CD receptor family typically act as co-receptors, illustrated by the classic example of CD4 acting as a co-receptor to the T cell receptor (TCR) to bind major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II). [5] This binding is particularly well-studied in T-cells where it serves to activate T-cells that are in their resting (or dormant) phase and ...
CD4 immunoadhesin was first developed in the mid-1990s as a potential therapeutic agent and treatment for HIV/AIDS. The protein is a fusion of the extracellular domain of the CD4 receptor and the Fc domain of human immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant antibody isotype in the human body. [1]
The motif contains a tyrosine separated from a leucine or isoleucine by any two other amino acids, giving the signature YxxL/I. [1] Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix (6-8) YxxL/I). However, in various sources, this consensus sequence differs, mainly in ...
In general, CD45 acts to promote the active form of LCK by dephosphorylating a tyrosine (Y192) in its inhibitory C-terminal tail. The consequent trans-autophosphorylation of the tyrosine in the lck activation loop (Y394), stabilizes its active form promoting its open conformation [19] which further enhances the kinase activity and substrate ...
C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines. [ 5 ] In humans, the CCR5 gene that encodes the CCR5 protein is located on the short (p) arm at position 21 on chromosome 3 .
CTLA-4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by activated T cells and transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells.CTLA-4 is homologous to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and CD86, also called B7-1 and B7-2 respectively, on antigen-presenting cells.
Follicular helper T cells (also known as T follicular helper cells and abbreviated as T FH), are antigen-experienced CD4 + T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. [1]