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Graham's Line Identification Tone System (GLITS) is a test signal for stereo systems devised by BBC TV Sound Supervisor and Fellow of the IPS Graham Haines in the mid-1980s. It comprises a 1 kHz tone at 0 dBu (-18 dBFS ) on both channels, with interruptions which identify the channels.
The audio engineers determine where each track will be placed in the stereo "image", by using various techniques that may vary from very simple (such as "left-right" panning controls) to more sophisticated and extensively based on psychoacoustic research (such as channel equalization, mid-side processing, and the use of delay to exploit the ...
Panning can also be used in an audio mixer to reduce or reverse the stereo width of a stereo signal. For instance, the left and right channels of a stereo source can be panned straight up, which is sent equally to both the left output and the right output of the mixer, creating a dual mono signal. [citation needed]
The left and right surround speakers in the bottom line create the surround sound effect. 5.1 surround sound ("five-point one") is the common name for surround sound audio systems. 5.1 is the most commonly used layout in home theatres. [1] It uses five full-bandwidth channels and one low-frequency effects channel (the "point one"). [2]
When a sine wave is mixed with one of identical frequency but opposite amplitude (ie: of an inverse polarity), the combined result is silence. [2] A two-channel stereo recording contains a number of waveforms; sounds that are panned to the extreme left or right will contain the greatest difference in amplitude between the two channels, while those towards the centre will contain the smallest.
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The most common surround sound specification, the ITU's 5.1 standard, calls for 6 speakers: center (C), in front of the listener; left (L) and right (R), at angles of 60°; left surround (LS) and right surround (RS) at angles of 100–120°; and a subwoofer, whose position is not critical. [2]
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