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As of 2024, the prevalence of pathology reaches over 90%. In patients aged 20 years, an average of 4 intact teeth with enamel cracks are identified. Before 30 years of age, this rate increases 3 times and after 45–50 years of age it is 100%. In 60% of cases there are single fissures, multiple fissures are found in 40% of examined patients.
After examining specimens of affected enamel, in 1916 Black described the condition as "[a]n endemic imperfection of the enamel of the teeth, heretofore unknown in the literature of dentistry." [ 12 ] They made the interesting observation that although the mottled enamel was hypomineralized, and therefore should be more susceptible to decay ...
The child's supervising adults may need reassurance that it is only an extrinsic stain on a child's newly erupted teeth. [ 29 ] Patients with osteopetrosis display enamel abnormalities, suggesting that the a3 gene mutation found in V-ATPases also plays a role in the development of hypomineralized and hypoplastic enamel.
Since 1920, various derivatives of "chalky teeth" have appeared in the academic literature to describe specific dental anomalies. Most references are to enamel defects that have a chalky appearance (white, cream or brown) and are of developmental origin (i.e. amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel hypomineralisation, dental fluorosis, molar hypomineralisation).
Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a type of enamel defect affecting, as the name suggests, the first molars and incisors in the permanent dentition. [1] MIH is considered a worldwide problem with a global prevalence of 12.9% and is usually identified in children under 10 years old. [2]
] It is the most common type of enamel hypoplasia reported in clinical and archaeological samples, with other types including plane-form enamel hypoplasia and pitting enamel hypoplasia. [12] Linear enamel hypoplasia can be caused by a variety of factors, from genetic conditions to malnutrition and illnesses during childhood.
Primary teeth have a more obvious appearance as they have a thinner layer of enamel overlying dentine, hence the abnormal color of dentine is more noticeable. [ 2 ] Radiographically, affected teeth have short and narrow roots, and obliterated pulps due to dentine hypertrophy before or shortly after tooth eruption .
The neonatal line is a particular band of incremental growth lines seen in histologic sections of both enamel and dentin of primary teeth. It belongs to a series of a growth lines in tooth enamel known as the Striae of Retzius denoting the prolonged rest period of enamel formation that occurs at the time of birth. The neonatal line is darker ...