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For example, in zebrafish, an endogenous mitogen Nrg1 is produced in response to indications of heart damage. When it is expressed, it causes the outer layers of the heart to respond by increasing division rates and producing new layers of heart muscle cells to replace the damaged ones.
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [1] [2] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [3]
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VEGF xxx may then cause the creation of new blood vessels in the retina and elsewhere in the eye, heralding changes that may threaten the sight. VEGF-A plays a role in the disease pathology of the wet form age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of blindness for the elderly of the industrialized world. The vascular ...
The clinical features of this disease appear to be due—at least in part—to the production of a superantigen—YpM (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen). This is present in almost all strains from the Far East but only 20% of European isolates. [5] The antigen was discovered in 1993 and is encoded by a 456-base gene.
The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family was termed "mitogen-activated". With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e.g. plants), it has become increasingly clear that the name is a ...
Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine. [3] Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood and lymph forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes).
Pokeweed mitogen has the ability to play a role in immunology. It can test for immunodeficiency by inducing cell proliferation and test for abnormal counts of lymphocytes. [2] It can also induce proliferation of cells that target tumors, which is useful for the treatment of cancer. [6]