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The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible; among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders, it may account for 20%–50% of total body weight. [44] Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder and is periodically released from the bladder to the cloaca. [45]
Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx). [ 47 ]
The shape of the kidneys varies between reptiles due to variations of their body form. [8] The kidneys of snakes are elongated, cylindrical [53] [50] and lobulated. [52] Turtles and some lizards have urinary bladder [50] that opens into the cloaca [54] but snakes and crocodiles do not have it. [50]
secretion – the remaining fluid becomes urine, which travels down collecting ducts to the medullary region of the kidney. excretion – the urine (in mammals) is stored in the urinary bladder and exits via the urethra; in other vertebrates, the urine mixes with other wastes in the cloaca before leaving the body (frogs also have a urinary ...
Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed, which may occur when the urine becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination.
Humans have two kidneys that are supplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney.
Their kidneys (metanephros) and large intestines are also well-suited to water retention. Most mammals do not lay eggs, but corresponding structures develop inside the placenta. The ancestors of true amniotes, such as Casineria kiddi, which lived about 340 million years ago, evolved from amphibian reptiliomorphs and resembled small lizards.
Water-holding frogs are ectothermic, [8] meaning they depend on external sources of body heat. Aestivation is a behaviour characteristic of water holding frogs. It is similar to how other animals hibernate , except it takes place during summer as opposed to winter when weather conditions are hot and dry.
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