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Kevlar (para-aramid) [2] is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, [3] [2] [4] the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.
In 1973, DuPont was the first company to introduce a para-aramid fiber, calling it Kevlar; this remains one of the best-known [citation needed] para-aramids and/or aramids. In 1978, Akzo introduced a similar fiber with roughly the same chemical structure calling it Twaron .
Heavy Hardisty 22° 3.36% Canada: Heavy Louisiana Sweet 32.9° 0.35% United States: Empire, Louisiana Heidrun 25.0° 0.52% Statoil: Norway: Mongstad terminal: Hibernia 34.4° 0.41% Canada: Hungo Blend 29.1° 0.61% ExxonMobil: Angola: Kizomba A FPSO offshore: Iran Heavy 30.2° 1.77% Iran: Kharg Island: Iran Light 33.1° 1.50% Iran: Kharg Island ...
Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions. [1] It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than ...
In contrast, Kevlar derives its strength from strong bonding between relatively short molecules. The weak bonding between olefin molecules allows local thermal excitations to disrupt the crystalline order of a given chain piece-by-piece, giving it much poorer heat resistance than other high-strength fibers.
Crude oil is classified as light, medium, or heavy according to its measured API gravity. Light crude oil has an API gravity higher than 31.1° (i.e., less than 870 kg/m 3) Medium oil has an API gravity between 22.3 and 31.1° (i.e., 870 to 920 kg/m 3) Heavy crude oil has an API gravity below 22.3° (i.e., 920 to 1000 kg/m 3)
Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil (bunker fuel), marine fuel oil (MFO), furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils (such as home heating oil), diesel fuel, and others. The term fuel oil generally includes any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat ( heating oils ), or used in an engine to generate power (as ...
[1] [2] The most commonly used composites are fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), [3] using carbon and kevlar fibers. The primary advantage of a COPV as compared to a similar sized metallic pressure vessel is lower weight; COPVs, however, carry an increased cost of manufacturing and certification.