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Toxopneustes pileolus, commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and medically significant stings when touched.
[4] [1] The injury may show small purple or black dots or staining of the skin from the natural dye inside the sea urchin. [4] [1] These symptoms generally subside with complete removal of the spines. [4] About 80 of the 600 unique species of sea urchins contain poisons, but they generally do not cause significant harm to humans. [5]
Toxopneustes roseus is similar in appearance to the more widespread flower urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus.It can be distinguished by having a rigid "shell" that is a solid pink, red, or purple in color, in contrast to the variegated coloration of the test of Toxopneustes pileolus.
Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain. [3] People may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating. [4] Indigestion is relatively common, affecting 20% of people at some point during their life, and is frequently caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or ...
Bald sea urchin disease is a bacterial disease known to affect several species of sea urchins in the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic and along the California coastline. Research suggests two pathogens are responsible for the disease, Listonella anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida .
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or complications.
It is one of the few sea urchin that can survive many hours out of water. [45] Sea urchins can be found in all climates, from warm seas to polar oceans. [40] The larvae of the polar sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri have been found to use energy in metabolic processes twenty-five times more efficiently than do most other organisms. [46]
The green sea urchin occurs in tropical waters in the western Atlantic Ocean. The subspecies occupy different geographical areas. L. v. variegatus occurs in the Caribbean Sea, southern Florida, the Yucatán peninsula and northern Brazil but not Barbados while L. v. carolinus is found from North Carolina southwards to the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.