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Each macronutrient can impact cognition through multiple mechanisms, including glucose and insulin metabolism, neurotransmitter actions, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Inadequate macronutrient consumption or proportion could impair optimal cognitive functioning and have long-term health implications.
Method of glucose uptake differs throughout tissues depending on two factors; the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose.The two ways in which glucose uptake can take place are facilitated diffusion (a passive process) and secondary active transport (an active process which on the ion-gradient which is established through the hydrolysis of ATP, known as primary active ...
The polyol pathway is a two-step process that converts glucose to fructose. [1] In this pathway glucose is reduced to sorbitol, which is subsequently oxidized to fructose. It is also called the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway. The pathway is implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to the retina, [2] kidney, [3 ...
Studies have shown that the absence of hepatic glucose production has no major effect on the control of fasting plasma glucose concentration. Compensatory induction of gluconeogenesis occurs in the kidneys and intestine, driven by glucagon, glucocorticoids, and acidosis. [33]
[10]: 570 An example is the reversed pathway of glycolysis, otherwise known as gluconeogenesis, which occurs in the liver and sometimes in the kidney to maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood and supply the brain and muscle tissues with adequate amount of glucose.
The brain itself consumes about 18% of the basal metabolic rate: on a total daily intake of 7,500 kJ (1,800 kcal), this equates to 1,360 kJ (324 kcal), or about 80 g of glucose. About 25% of total body glucose consumption occurs in the brain. Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates.
The glucose diffuses in the beta-cell facilitated by a GLUT-2 vesicle. Inside the beta cell, the following process occurs: Glucose gets converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) through glucokinase, and G6P is subsequently oxidized to form ATP. This process inhibits the ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels of the cell causing the potassium ion ...
If the blood glucose level falls to dangerously low levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a peptide hormone which travels through the blood to the liver, where it binds to glucagon receptors on the surface of liver cells and stimulates them to break down glycogen stored inside the cells into glucose (this ...
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