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Amacrine cells operate at the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses.There are at least 33 different subtypes of amacrine cells based just on their dendrite morphology and stratification.
The amacrine cells were originally thought to be methodically placed in this system. However, it has been discovered that the placement of amacrine cells, especially amacrine II cells, to each other and to bipolar cells is largely random in most vertebrates. It is not yet known why this is.
The amacrine cells also introduce lateral inhibition to the axon terminal, serving various visual functions including efficient signal transduction with high signal-to-noise ratio. [ 3 ] The mechanism for producing the center of a bipolar cell's receptive field is well known: direct innervation of the photoreceptor cell above it, either through ...
The amacrine cells are placed in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer, and are so named because they have not yet been shown to possess axis-cylinder processes. Their dendrites undergo extensive ramification in the inner plexiform layer.
The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells, which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells, the neural signals being intermixed and combined. Of the retina's nerve cells, only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials.
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye.It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells.
Starburst amacrine cells are a type of amacrine cells found in the retina. [1] These interneurons are notable for co-releasing acetylcholine and GABA. [1] See also
Amacrine cells also produce lateral inhibition to bipolar cells [18] and ganglion cells to perform various visual computations including image sharpening. [19] The final visual signals will be sent to the thalamus and cerebral cortex , where additional lateral inhibition occurs.