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Circular polarizer/linear analyzer [1] filtering unpolarized light and then circularly polarizing the result. A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is a filter that is often placed in front of a camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea.
Linear polarizing filters were the first types to be used in photography and can still be used for non-reflex and older single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). However, cameras with through-the-lens metering (TTL) and autofocusing systems – that is, all modern SLR and DSLR – rely on optical elements that pass linearly polarized light. If light ...
A close-up lens is a single or two-element converging lens used for close-up and macro photography, and works in the same way as spectacles used for reading. The insertion of a converging lens in front of the taking lens reduces the focal length of the combination.
A gemologist's polariscope is a vertically oriented device, usually with two polarizing lenses with one over the other with some space in between. A light source is built into the polariscope underneath the bottom polarizing lens and pointing upwards.
The fact that light could be polarized was for the first time qualitatively explained by Newton using the particle theory. Étienne-Louis Malus in 1810 created a mathematical particle theory of polarization. Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1812 showed that this theory explained all known phenomena of light polarization. At that time the polarization was ...
A petrographic microscope, which is an optical microscope fitted with cross-polarizing lenses, a conoscopic lens, and compensators (plates of anisotropic materials; gypsum plates and quartz wedges are common), for crystallographic analysis. Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties.
Devices that block nearly all of the radiation in one mode are known as polarizing filters or simply "polarizers". This corresponds to g 2 = 0 in the above representation of the Jones matrix. The output of an ideal polarizer is a specific polarization state (usually linear polarization) with an amplitude equal to the input wave's original ...
An illustration of the polarization of light that is incident on an interface at Brewster's angle. Brewster's angle (also known as the polarization angle) is an angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with no reflection.
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