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  2. Bird flight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flight

    Take-off is one of the most energetically demanding aspects of flight, as the bird must generate enough airflow across the wing to create lift. Small birds do this with a simple upward jump. However, this technique does not work for larger birds, such as albatrosses and swans, which instead must take a running start to generate sufficient ...

  3. Flying and gliding animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals

    Studies on theropod dinosaurs do suggest multiple (at least 3) independent acquisitions of powered flight however, [1] [2] and a recent study proposes independent acquisitions amidst the different bat clades as well. [3] Powered flight uses muscles to generate aerodynamic force, which allows the animal to produce lift and thrust. The animal may ...

  4. Delta formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Formation

    In a delta formation, the trailing object follows closely behind and slightly above the lead. This allows the upwash from the lead to generate lift for the trailing object in flight. [1] [2] When using the excess lift from the lead the trailing object does not need to generate as much lift, leading to the increased efficiency. This can be used ...

  5. Origin of avian flight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight

    Birds use wing-assisted inclined running from the day they hatch to increase locomotion. This can also be said for birds or feathered theropods whose wing muscles cannot generate enough force to fly, and shows how this behavior could have evolved to help these theropods then eventually led to flight. [18]

  6. Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion...

    Birds that rely on lift based propulsion for swimming have been observed to utilize higher wing beat frequencies when flying than when submerged and swimming. [16] This observation follows directly from the logic that the increased density of water produces greater thrust for similar wing excursions, so for a given speed fewer wing beats are ...

  7. Wing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing

    The word "wing" from the Old Norse vængr [1] for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft, or the airfoil on a race car.

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  9. Wing loading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_loading

    Wing loading is a useful measure of the stalling speed of an aircraft. Wings generate lift owing to the motion of air around the wing. Larger wings move more air, so an aircraft with a large wing area relative to its mass (i.e., low wing loading) will have a lower stalling speed.