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Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. [ 2 ] With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults.
The renal calyces (sg. calyx) are conduits in the kidney through which urine passes. The minor calyces form a cup-shaped drain around the apex of the renal pyramids.Urine formed in the kidney passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; four or five minor calyces converge to form a major calyx through which urine passes into the renal pelvis (which in turn drains urine out ...
These symptoms may vary from mild to severe [10] and in healthy women last an average of six days. [19] Some pain above the pubic bone or in the lower back may be present. People experiencing an upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis , may experience flank pain , fever , or nausea and vomiting in addition to the classic symptoms of a ...
[75] [120] [19] Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women. Men most commonly experience their first episode between 30 and 40 years of age, whereas for women, the age at first presentation is somewhat later. [75] The age of onset shows a bimodal distribution in women, with episodes peaking at 35 and 55 years. [58]
Either a minor calyx in the kidney, a conglomeration of two or three minor calyces to form a major calyx, or the Calyx of Held, a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system, named by H. Held in his 1893 article Die centrale Gehörleitung, [3] due to its flower-petal-like shape.
Like the bony pelvis, the renal pelvis (/ ˈ r iː n əl ˈ p ɛ l v ɪ s /) gets its English name via Neo-Latin from the older Latin word pelvis, "basin", as in "wash basin". [4] In both cases the name reflects the shape of the structure, and in the case of the renal pelvis, it also reflects the function.
Fraley syndrome is a condition where the superior infundibulum of the upper calyx of the kidney is obstructed by the crossing renal (upper or middle section) artery branch, causing distension and dilatation of the calyx and presenting clinically as haematuria and nephralgia (ipsilateral flank pain).
In humans, about 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and almost 70% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult kidneys. [26] [27] Just over 300 genes are more specifically expressed in the kidney, with only some 50 genes being highly specific for the kidney. Many of the corresponding kidney specific proteins are ...