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Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume.
The viscosity of normal plasma varies with temperature in the same way as does that of its solvent water [4];a 3°C change in temperature in the physiological range (36.5°C to 39.5°C)reduces plasma viscosity by about 10%. [5]
Sweating occurs when the ambient air temperature is above 35 °C (95 °F) [dubious – discuss] and the body fails to return to the normal internal temperature. [18] The evaporation of the sweat helps cool the blood beneath the skin. It is limited by the amount of water available in the body, which can cause dehydration. [5]
The thermal stratification of lakes is a vertical isolation of parts of the water body from mixing caused by variation in the temperature at different depths in the lake, and is due to the density of water varying with temperature. [14] Cold water is denser than warm water of the same salinity, and the epilimnion generally consists of water ...
Cooling catheters are inserted into a femoral vein. Cooled saline solution is circulated through either a metal coated tube or a balloon in the catheter. The saline cools the person's whole body by lowering the temperature of a person's blood. Catheters reduce temperature at rates ranging from 1.5 to 2 °C (2.7 to 3.6 °F) per hour.
Thus, water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia in survivors, although this is not usually the direct clinical cause of death for those who are not rescued. A water temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) can lead to death in as little as one hour, and water temperatures near freezing can cause ...
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For red blood cells (RBC), by far the most commonly transfused product, poor transfusion efficacy can result from units damaged by the so-called storage lesion — a range of biochemical and biomechanical changes that occur during storage. With red cells, this can decrease viability and ability for tissue oxygenation. [46]