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  2. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    At 25 °C (77 °F), solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Solutions with a pH of 7 at 25 °C are neutral (i.e. have the same concentration of H + ions as OH − ions, i.e. the same as pure water). The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature and is lower than 7 if the temperature ...

  3. Balanced salt solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_salt_solution

    A balanced salt solution (BSS) is a solution made to a physiological pH and isotonic salt concentration. Solutions most commonly include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. [1] Balanced salt solutions are used for washing tissues and cells and are usually combined with other agents to treat the tissues and cells. They provide ...

  4. Sodium chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

    The eutectic point is −21.12 °C (−6.02 °F) for 23.31% mass fraction of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is near 108.7 °C (227.7 °F). [ 13 ] pH of sodium chloride solutions

  5. Hydrochloric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid

    Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.

  6. Phosphate-buffered saline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline

    Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.

  7. Sodium acetate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_acetate

    A solution of sodium acetate (a basic salt of acetic acid) and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH level. This is useful especially in biochemical applications where reactions are pH-dependent in a mildly acidic range (pH 4–6).

  8. Saline water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water

    Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. The saturation level is only nominally dependent on the temperature of the water. [1] At 20 °C (68 °F) one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3 percent by weight (% w/w). At 100 °C (212 ...

  9. Sodium hypochlorite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite

    At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental Cl 2. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite ClO − . [ 10 ] The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid ) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide ) to the solution: