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The metastatic tumor cells grow either attached to the pia mater covering the brain and spinal cord or floating unattached to the subarachnoid space. [7] Tumors of diverse origins and hematologic cancers may spread to this space. [5] Some patients can develop a leptomeningeal tumor while receiving chemotherapy for their primary tumor. [citation ...
Metastasis is the most common cause of brain cancer, as primary tumors that originate in the brain are less common. [4] The most common sites of primary cancer which metastasize to the brain are lung, breast, colon, kidney, and skin cancer. Brain metastases can occur months or even years after the original or primary cancer is treated.
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT) is a rare, primary CNS tumor, classified as distinct entity in 2016 [1] and described as diffuse oligodendroglial-like leptomeningeal tumor of children in the 2016 classification of CNS neoplasms by the WHO., [2] Typically, it's considered juvenile tumors [3] but can occur in adults, [4] the average age of diagnosis is five years. [3]
The ASCO study of the 188 documented AT/RT cases prior to 2004 found 30% of the cases had metastasis at diagnosis. [3] Metastatic spread to the meninges (leptomenigeal spread sometimes referred to as sugar coating) is common both initially and with relapse. Average survival times decline with the presence of metastasis.
Recently, experimental treatment with MEK162, a MEK inhibitor, has been tried in a patient with NCM and progressive symptomatic leptomeningeal melanocytosis. Pathological studies with immunohistochemical and Western Blot analyses using Ki67 and pERK antibodies showed a potential effect of MEK inhibiting therapy.
Secondary, or metastatic, brain tumors are about four times as common as primary brain tumors, [2] [10] with about half of metastases coming from lung cancer. [2] Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people a year globally, and make up less than 2% of cancers. [3]
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In the United States there has been an increase in the 5-year relative survival rate between people diagnosed with cancer in 1975-1977 (48.9%) and people diagnosed with cancer in 2007-2013 (69.2%); these figures coincide with a 20% decrease in cancer mortality from 1950 to 2014. [8]