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In formal extensional ontologies, only the utterances of words and numbers are considered individuals – the numbers and names themselves are classes. In a 4D ontology, an individual is identified by its spatio-temporal extent. Examples of formal extensional ontologies are BORO, ISO 15926 and the model in development by the IDEAS Group.
Ontologies can be used for structuring data in a machine-readable manner. [14] In this context, an ontology is a controlled vocabulary of classes that can be placed in hierarchical relations with each other. [15] These classes can represent entities in the real world which data is about.
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Ontology Design Patterns portal [73] is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design, and also maintains a list of exemplary ontologies. Protégé Ontology Library [74] contains a set of OWL, Frame-based and other format ontologies. SchemaWeb [75] is a directory of RDF schemata expressed in RDFS, OWL and DAML+OIL.
This outlook is known as animism [167] and is also found in Native American ontologies, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all living entities and the importance of balance and harmony with nature. [168] Ontology is closely related to theology and its interest in the existence of God as an ultimate entity.
The history of education in the United States, or foundations of education, covers the trends in educational philosophy, policy, institutions, as well as formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to today.
Rhodes Must Fall movement is said to have been motivated by a desire to decolonize knowledge and education in South Africa. [ 1 ] Decolonization of knowledge (also epistemic decolonization or epistemological decolonization ) is a concept advanced in decolonial scholarship [ note 1 ] [ note 2 ] that critiques the perceived hegemony of Western ...
While extensional classes are more well-behaved and well understood mathematically, as well as less problematic philosophically, they do not permit the fine grained distinctions that ontologies often need to make. For example, an ontology may want to distinguish between the class of all creatures with a kidney and the class of all creatures ...