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In eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with about an equal mass of histone proteins in a highly condensed nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. [14] Deoxyribonucleoproteins in this kind of complex interact to generate a multiprotein regulatory complex in which the intervening DNA is looped or wound.
The arrangement of chromatin within the nucleus may also play a role in nuclear stress and restoring nuclear membrane deformation by mechanical stress. When chromatin is condensed, the nucleus becomes more rigid. When chromatin is decondensed, the nucleus becomes more elastic with less force exerted on the inner nuclear membrane. This ...
Nucleoplasm is quite similar to the cytoplasm, with the main difference being that nucleoplasm is found inside the nucleus while the cytoplasm is located inside the cell, outside of the nucleus. Their ionic compositions are nearly identical due to the ion pumps and permeability of the nuclear envelope, however, the proteins in these two fluids ...
Examples of different levels of nuclear architecture. Nuclear organization refers to the spatial organization and dynamics of chromatin within a cell nucleus during interphase. There are many different levels and scales of nuclear organization. At the smallest scale, DNA is packaged into units called nucleosomes, which compacts DNA about 7-fold.
The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope .
The inner nuclear membrane encloses the nucleoplasm, and is covered by the nuclear lamina, a mesh of intermediate filaments which stabilizes the nuclear membrane as well as being involved in chromatin function. [9] It is connected to the outer membrane by nuclear pores which penetrate the membranes.
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a crucial cellular structure with a diameter of approximately 120 nanometers in vertebrates. Its channel varies from 5.2 nanometers in humans [14] to 10.7 nm in the frog Xenopus laevis, with a depth of roughly 45 nm. [15]
The nuclear lamina consists of two components, lamins and nuclear lamin-associated membrane proteins. The lamins are type V intermediate filaments which can be categorized as either A-type (lamin A, C) or B-type (lamin B 1, B 2) according to homology of their DNA sequences, biochemical properties and cellular localization during the cell cycle.