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One classic reaction is the Chichibabin reaction (Aleksei Chichibabin, 1914) in which pyridine is reacted with an alkali-metal amide such as sodium amide to form 2-aminopyridine. [6] In the compound methyl 3-nitropyridine-4-carboxylate, the meta nitro group is actually displaced by fluorine with cesium fluoride in DMSO at 120 °C. [7]
Fluorination with aminosulfuranes is a chemical reaction that transforms oxidized organic compounds into organofluorine compounds.Aminosulfuranes selectively exchange hydroxyl groups for fluorine, but are also capable of converting carbonyl groups, halides, silyl ethers, and other functionality into organofluorides.
The usefulness of fluorine-containing radiopharmaceuticals in 18 F-positron emission tomography has motivated the development of new methods for forming C–F bonds. Because of the short half-life of 18 F, these syntheses must be highly efficient, rapid, and easy. [25]
Fluorine forms compounds with all elements except neon and helium. In particular, it forms binary compounds , named fluorides , with all said elements except argon . All of the elements up to einsteinium , element 99, have been checked except for astatine and francium , [ 24 ] and fluorine is also known to form compounds with mendelevium ...
For example, 1-bromo-1-fluoroethane can undergo nucleophilic attack to form 1-fluoroethan-1-ol, with the nucleophile being an HO − group. In this case, if the reactant is levorotatory, then the product would be dextrorotatory, and vice versa. [3] S N 2 mechanism of 1-bromo-1-fluoroethane with one of the carbon atoms being a chiral centre.
Fluorine biology is also relevant to a number of cutting-edge technologies. PFCs (perfluorocarbons) are capable of holding enough oxygen to support human liquid breathing. Organofluorine in the form of its radioisotope 18 F is also at the heart of a modern medical imaging technique known as positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan ...
Electrophilic fluorination is the combination of a carbon-centered nucleophile with an electrophilic source of fluorine to afford organofluorine compounds.Although elemental fluorine and reagents incorporating an oxygen-fluorine bond can be used for this purpose, they have largely been replaced by reagents containing a nitrogen-fluorine bond.
Laboratory setup for fluorine reactions, University of Freiburg. Fluorine gas may be stored in steel cylinders where the inside surface is passivated by a metal fluoride layer that resists further attack. [35] [4] Passivated steel will withstand fluorine provided the temperature is kept below 200 °C (392 °F). Above that temperature, nickel is ...