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  2. Oxidative stress - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress

    Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]

  3. Arsenic poisoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning

    The heart and nervous system can also be affected, causing disruption to heart rhythms (QT interval prolongation or tachycardia), heart failure, confusion, seizures, brain swelling, coma, and death. [8] [9] Inhaling arsine gas – the most toxic form of arsenic – causes a multisystem disease starting 2 to 24 hours after inhalation. Symptoms ...

  4. Protein detoxification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_detoxification

    Long term exposure to these toxic amino acids is associated with endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, insulin resistance, chronic kidney disease, heart disease, dementia and ageing. [2] [3] [4] Therapeutic strategies that target the protein detoxification pathway aim to:

  5. Drug metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism

    Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...

  6. Arsenic biochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_biochemistry

    Arsenic is a cause of mortality throughout the world; associated problems include heart, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, nervous and kidney diseases. [ 2 ] [ 26 ] Arsenic interferes with cellular longevity by allosteric inhibition of an essential metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, which catalyzes the oxidation of ...

  7. Detoxification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detoxification

    The liver and kidney are naturally capable of detox, as are intracellular (specifically, inner membrane of mitochondria or in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells) proteins such as CYP enzymes. In cases of kidney failure , the action of the kidneys is mimicked by dialysis ; kidney and liver transplants are also used for kidney and liver failure ...

  8. Glutathione S-transferase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_S-transferase

    Cellular oxidative stress causes the dissociation of the complex, oligomerization of GSTP, and induction of the JNK pathway, resulting in apoptosis. [27] The connection between GSTP inhibition of the pro-apoptotic JNK pathway and the isozyme's overexpression in drug-resistant tumor cells may itself account for the tumor cells' ability to escape ...

  9. Purine nucleotide cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle

    A recent study showed that activation of HIF-1α allows cardiomyocytes to sustain mitochondrial membrane potential during anoxic stress by utilizing fumarate produced by adenylosuccinate lyase as an alternate terminal electron acceptor in place of oxygen. This mechanism should help provide protection in the ischemic heart. [8]

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